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Indiana University Maurer School of Law

VisaNow (case study #2)

One of the first legal tech success stories
November 17, 2023
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A Case Study by Jacob Cohen and Deidre Kaiser

Introduction

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Bob Meltzer

In the late 1990s, the seeds of innovation were sown in the mind of Bob Meltzer, a Chicago lawyer turned entrepreneur. While deeply involved in cross-border transactions at Arnstein & Lehr, he discerned a growing demand for immigration services among international clients. Disliking the repetitive nature of the immigration work he performed for a law firm, he envisioned a game-changing solution. The result? VisaNow, now recognized as Envoy Global, an online platform for the streamlined preparation and filing of visa applications. The VisaNow story (Case Study #2) resonates with common challenges within the legal-tech sector. Additionally, the reader will find parallels in experiences of business sales and acquisitions, internal disputes, and the emphasis on career satisfaction.

Roadmap

This case study will explore:

  1. Backstory and Initial Funding

Bob Meltzer’s entrepreneurial journey started during law school with an abroad education experience and the establishment of his interest in international law. Recognizing the demand for immigration services, he founded VisaNow, leveraging technology despite facing much skepticism. Meltzer explored funding sources, initially considering investments from friends and family before turning to possible venture capital (VC) opportunities on the West Coast.

  1. Key Encounters and Fundraising Success:

The meeting with the head of business development at Oracle and the support from Guy Kawasaki played crucial roles in the company’s valuation growth.

  1. Challenges and Shareholder Management:

The VisaNow board’s missteps, including attempts to sell to very large businesses and immigration agencies, underscore the importance of strategic marketing and sales tactics to adapt to market conditions.

  1. Strategic Shift and Growth Trajectory:

The pivotal moment in 2010, where Meltzer shifted the company’s focus from large to small- and medium-sized businesses, exemplifies adaptive strategies. The emphasis on recognizing the unique needs of smaller clients and providing high-touch customer care contributed to increased profitability and accelerated growth.

  1. Funding Rounds and Recapitalization:

The detailed exploration of funding stages, valuations, and the recapitalization process provides insight into the financial evolution of Meltzer’s business. The involvement of private equity firms, strategic decisions on selling patents, and the ultimate acquisition by Rothschild Private Equity (PE) Group highlight the complex dynamics of financial transactions in the business world.

  1. Transition to Coaching and Continuous Learning:

Meltzer’s transition to coaching and conducting workshops after the success of his business indicates a commitment to sharing knowledge. His emphasis on continuous learning, seeking advice from mentors, and engaging with CEO groups showcases the importance of ongoing personal and professional development.

Connection to Other Case Studies in Business Planning: 

The story of VisaNow reveals a nuanced tapestry of common challenges mostly in the legal-tech sector. AutoVisa and LawyerMetrics, akin to VisaNow, both detected inefficiencies within the legal industry but approached them through different lenses, eventually evolving to a business-to-business model. Themes of automation and strategic shifts echo in their narratives, emphasizing the shared pursuit of optimizing legal processes via technological innovations. Intellectual property’s pivotal role, explored in Chamberlain, resonates with VisaNow and LawyerMetrics, underscoring its significance in shaping success within the legal-tech domain. Moreover, parallels in business sale/acquisition experiences are evident in Chamberlain and VisaNow, alongside internal disputes. The emphasis on career satisfaction and transitioning from traditional legal environments, as seen in Marty Klaper’s story, aligns with Meltzer’s departure from Arnstein & Lehr to launch VisaNow. PactSafe’s exploration of product/market fit and funding options provides a fitting context, mirroring the challenges VisaNow encountered.

The Backstory and Initial Funding

For an in-depth look into the early beginnings of VisaNow and the boot-strapping funding methods used by Meltzer and his colleague, see the 2019 Legal Evolution “Career study of a legal innovator: Robert Meltzer” by William D. Henderson. The following is an abbreviated timeline with important background information.

Bob Meltzer’s entrepreneurial journey began with a diverse educational background, graduating from the University of Colorado with a degree in political science. In law school, Meltzer pursued international legal studies in Austria. Post-graduation, Meltzer found limited opportunities in Chicago regarding an international law practice. Bob Meltzer’s foray into the legal landscape had a touch of ingenuity. Imagine this: every day, he diligently hit the streets, distributing business cards with an unwavering determination. Some encountered him with grave suspicion. Undeterred, however, Bob relentlessly continued his outreach efforts.

Beyond business cards, Meltzer sought to establish meaningful connections. Post-meetings, he would inquire, ‘Mind if I stay in touch?’ This persistent approach bore fruit when a call from a bank materialized into a client—a bit of a headache initially, but a promising foot in the door.

Here comes the clever twist. Bob strategically secured the International Law category in the yellow pages, a category that, interestingly, didn’t exist until he inserted himself into it. Suddenly, he became the go-to authority for anything related to international law.

As the narrative unfolded, Bob’s journey took intriguing turns, culminating in his role at Arnstein and Lehr (now Saul Ewing) alongside approximately 120 other legal professionals. The story paints a picture of how Bob’s shrewd and adaptable approach shaped his trajectory in the legal arena. Facing skepticism from the firm’s executive committee, Meltzer, undeterred, partnered with immigration lawyer Melissa Garber to bootstrap VisaNow. Using the firm’s immigration cases, Meltzer and Garber charged $650 per case.

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The Problem: The time consuming process to get H1-B visas.

During the start-up phase of a business, the initial capital invested by the founder(s) is the most important to get cash-flow started in the business. These initial investments are often “bootstrapped” from personal savings/checking accounts or funds from friends and family. Once a business model is established, a founder may consider reaching out to outside investors to gain infusions of capital into the business. This part of the business life-cycle is called the “seed stage.” See Dwight Drake, Business Planning: Closely Held Enterprises, 102 (5th ed. 2018) The seed stage marked the early phases of VisaNow’s operations, showcasing Meltzer’s entrepreneurial vision, adaptability, and commitment to innovation. Recognizing the growing demand for immigration services within his international practice, Meltzer made the decision to leave Arnstein and work full time at VisaNow.

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VisaNow logo

As the legal profession faced increasing pressure to cut costs and enhance efficiency, Meltzer positioned VisaNow as a pioneer in automating legal services, particularly in highly repetitive areas like immigration paperwork. He sought to drive down the price of legal representation using the Internet.

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VisaNow takes off in the legal tech space

“VISANOW’s patented approach levels the playing field for consumers and small businesses by giving them access to high quality immigration services at a fraction of the cost of other options,”

Bob Meltzer – VisaNow founder and CEO

“VISANOW gives small businesses the tools and ability to affordably compete for talent with much larger companies, and gives individuals greater control over their own destiny.”

– Meltzer

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Example of VisaNow’s easy-to-use online platform

Key Encounters and Fundraising Success

The year 2000 was pivotal as Meltzer’s vision attracted more attention from customers and investors. Securing $1.8 million from a VC firm marked a crucial milestone. In this stage, Meltzer went out to the west coast to a friend in San Francisco, who was “so excited” about the idea, he wanted to be the CEO of VisaNow. He also encouraged Meltzer to secure venture capital funding. Meltzer took his advice (not about giving up his CEO position, though) and went to Garage.com, a “huge VC fund,” to try and pitch his vision. It worked. Guy Kawasaki loved the idea and gave his business $1.8 million for an 18% equity stake, which placed VisaNow’s valuation at $10 million.

Most venture capital transactions start with the negotiation of a term sheet. A term sheet is a non-binding list of the major items that the parties want to include in their financing agreement. The most important terms in the term sheet are: valuation; the pre-money capitalization (and whether it includes any pre-money increase to the option pool); liquidation preference; conversion; anti-dilution provisions; and board designation rights. Sandra Pak Knox, Venture Capital Financing: Conducting the Transaction, DataDirect Networks, Inc. (July 4, 2023). Think of a term sheet as analogous to an LOI. See here, for a term sheet template. Most venture capital fund raising will give the investors preferred stock rights. These rights may be structured differently for every transaction, but usually involve the ability to convert the preferred stock to general stock upon election and are first in line to be repaid once the company starts making profits. These rights must be scrupulously spelled out in the stock purchase agreement. Unlike other financing options or raises, the VC capital raise is usually a very quick process. Since there is very little diligence by the way of financial statements, the representations and warranties of the transaction are often very basic and require little, if any, negotiation. See here, for a sample timeline of the VC transaction timeline. See also Dwight Drake, Business Planning: Closely Held Enterprises, 102 (5th ed. 2018).  Ideally, a VC infusion of capital should take less than one month from creation of term sheet through due diligence to the final agreement.

One of the few due diligence items that a VC firm might want to investigate before the final signing of the stock purchase agreement, is the possibility of any intellectual property the company might possess. Kawasaki and associates believed that VisaNow should apply for a utility patent. After the infusion of VC funding from Garage.com, Meltzer and his one employee, Melissa Garber, worked on getting the process for self-serve visa applications patented. See here for the first page of the patent. Note, both Melzer and Garber were named on the patent and NOT VisaNow. Note, a computer-based patent, such as the one obtained by Meltzer and Garber, isn’t considered eligible if its claim focuses only on manipulating information or an abstract idea, even if it mentions using a generic computer. Eric E. Bensen, Patent Fundamentals (Mar 03, 2023). To qualify, the claim must have elements ensuring it covers more than just the idea. Getting a patent involves a process called “patent prosecution” with most applicants opting for attorney representation, who must be a registered patent attorney or agent. See the AutoVisa case study for a more in-depth look at patent costs and benefits.

It is interesting to note here, that even after the family and friend funding, and the VC funding, Meltzer still held over 50% of the equity in the business, making his equity worth just over half a million dollars from the $10,000 he put in himself. But, Meltzer had yet to pay back his family and friends, which we will see becomes an issue for him later in the business life cycle.

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VisaNow’s funding from Garage.com turned heads in the industry.

The subsequent phase, from 2011 to 2014, witnessed private equity investments which significantly expanded the platform. As we will discuss later, Meltzer’s insights during this period influenced the birth of Lawyer Exchange and a defining moment in 2012 when General Catalyst invested over $21 million in VisaNow.

Challenges and Shareholder Management

In the intricate landscape of business operations, the Shareholders Agreement emerges as a linchpin document, as described by Dwight Drake in his insightful book, “Business Planning: Closely Held Enterprises.” This agreement, central to planning purposes, meticulously outlines buy-sell agreements among shareholders, emphasizing the extensive effort, dialogue, and customization required for its formulation. 

The Shareholders Agreement often takes precedence over the management authority of the board, making its careful drafting and duration imperative. To enhance its enforceability, Drake recommends conspicuous references on stock certificates. Often, minority shareholders actively engage in negotiations to embed protective provisions within the agreement. See here for an example of a shareholder agreement that would be considered minority shareholder friendly. Often one such provision may be “that any such actions will presumptively constitute a breach of their fiduciary duties to the minority owners and may constitute evidence of an undisclosed intention that, if disclosed, would have been a material fact relative to the minority owners’ involvement in the enterprise.” (Drake, pg 100).

Transitioning to operational owner issues. Drake identifies 20 operational owner issues, shedding light on critical aspects that entrepreneurs must navigate. Below are 4 items that were issues Meltzer faced when going through an economic downturn and needed to manage shareholder expectations:

  1. Scope of the Enterprise:
    1. Clearly defining the boundaries and objectives of the enterprise sets the foundation for effective operations and strategic planning.
  2. Business Plan Changes:
    1. Acknowledging the inherent risks of altering production/sales volumes, owners may seek written agreements to temper overreactions to early success and ensure alignment with the initially agreed-upon plan.
  3. Debt Considerations:
    1. Written understandings about key debt issues, including amounts, equity comparisons, and personal guarantees, provide clarity and limit expectations beyond agreed-upon levels.
  4. Additional Capital Contributions:
    1. Addressing the delicate balance of expectations around capital infusion, owners may engage in dialogue and establish written understandings to manage contributions, concerns of dilution, and expectations for financial support.
    2. Two practical approaches include specifying each owner’s pro rata share of required capital or authorizing owners to make loans to the entity, with repayment terms structured before cash distributions are made.

In parallel, Meltzer’s endeavor faced skepticism about technology’s cost-saving benefits, shareholder management hurdles, and trust barriers. The period from 2009 to 2010 saw a strategic shift prompted by a slowdown in the immigration business. Meltzer employed transparency and regular shareholder meetings as tools to boost confidence amid a growth rate that fell short of expectations. This era became a testament to resilience, adaptation, and the critical role of maintaining shareholder trust in steering a company through challenges. Entrepreneurs and business leaders can glean valuable lessons from Meltzer’s experiences, coupling theoretical insights with practical strategies to navigate both legal intricacies and operational hurdles.

Strategic Shift and Growth Trajectory

In 2010, VisaNow underwent a strategic metamorphosis. Recognizing changing economic dynamics, Meltzer steered the ship from large clients to small and mid-sized businesses. The decision, strategically aligned with diffusion theory, proved pivotal. Sales revenue doubled three consecutive years, giving him his hockey stick profit chart. The company’s focus on smaller entities, efficient sales execution, and adaptability to market needs marked a turning point, propelling VisaNow’s accelerated growth.

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Since its inception, VisaNow has undergone two major changes in its marketing and sales approaches: expanding to a business-to-business sales model; and moving down-market from large clients to small and mid-sized clients.

The decision to begin marketing the product to companies was the first major decision that added scalability to Meltzer’s vision, as VisaNow had been primarily operating on a business to consumer level up until this point. Scalability is important in every startup business and is arguably the main concern of venture capital funds when they are deciding whether to invest in a business. Moreover, a phone call from a business owner who was interested in having visas processed for their employees is what initially drove Meltzer to offer his product beyond the needs of purely consumers. This phone call was not only a pivotal opportunity for Meltzer and VisaNow to enter into a contract with a large business and secure sizable fixed payments, but also it was the first step in allowing VisaNow to offer a product that could be used more than once by its customers. Meltzer quickly started building out a sales team to reach his new business customers.

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VisaNow gained traction with mid-sided firm recruiters

In contrast to shifting the business model to business-to-business, Meltzer and VisaNow made the second major strategic change, to move down-market, in part by assessing the changing needs of the overall economy, such as how the internet and technology were rapidly engraving their permanent presences in the offices of a growing number of domestic businesses. Further, Meltzer was consciously aware of how at smaller firms, there were shorter decision making processes for  events such as whether to purchase a product like VisaNow. Meltzer was able to assess the risk of this situation by examining the market from a perspective that welcomed diffusion theory.

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One aspect of diffusion theory is identifying where the target market fall in the adopter bell curve.

The key focus of diffusion theory is about decision making. According to the diffusion theory model, there are three categories of innovation decisions: (1) an optional decision, resembling a market scenario, where individuals make independent choices; (2) a collective decision, reliant on group consensus (as seen in a law firm, for instance); and (3) an authority-based decision, theoretically led by one person or a small group representing the organization. However, the quality of such decisions often entails agency costs, as managers and executives may be hesitant to face scrutiny from colleagues favoring the status quo. Diffusion theory further segments these groups into five categories based on the order of when they are likely to adopt: (1) innovators; (2) early adopters; (3) early majority; (4) late majority; and (5) laggards. Moreover, the ability of a small or mid-sized firm to be able to make quicker decisions, without having to wait for approvals from senior level management, explains why so many of the innovators and early adopters are found in these firms when compared to larger enterprises. See Bill Henderson’s Posts 089 and 008 for a more in-depth explanation of diffusion theory and for a comparison of small and mid-sized firms spending on technology vs. larger firm spending.

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Small and Mid-Sized Businesses are bigger spenders on technology.

Therefore, it made clear sense for VisaNow to initiate marketing efforts toward smaller and mid-sized firms, where encounters with individuals possessing both the capacity and authority to efficiently procure VisaNow’s product were more likely. Shifting away from targeting large clients like Cingular posed challenges, primarily due to VisaNow’s sales team being motivated by the allure of closing more large sales and earning substantial commission checks. However, this strategic shift proved correct, leading to a consecutive three-year doubling of sales revenues.

Analyzing alternative down-market strategies often reveals that moving away from an upmarket model increases competition due to a wider market. However, VisaNow’s possession of a patent and early entry into the market minimized direct competition. While some competition existed, it mainly came from law firms with high fees. Meltzer noted that large firms adjusted their prices after losing contracts to VisaNow, showing that competitors targeting top-tier clients faced pressure. This emphasized VisaNow’s advantage in reaching a broader customer base without competing directly with industry leaders, influencing Meltzer’s shift from pursuing large deals to focusing on smaller entities.

Funding Rounds and Recapitalization

From Garage.com’s investment in 2000 to subsequent recapitalization rounds, Meltzer navigated the complex terrain of funding and intellectual property. The company’s valuation soared above $300 million in 2022, reflecting sustained growth. The acquisition by Rothschild marked the conclusion of a recapitalization journey, providing liquidity for existing shareholders. See Pitchbook for more information about the major funding transactions.

In 2013, after the strategic decision to change marketing objectives, VisaNow obtained Later Stage VC funding also known as their Series A fund raise. This round of funding was again supplied by Garage Technology Ventures and a new investor Haystack Management Company. Both were given Series A Preferred Stock as equity for their investment. VisaNow subsequently raised a few B Series Rounds from General Catalyst. The first B round raised $16.1M, the second, $6.5M, and the third round $5.02M. General Catalyst received Senior Non-Participating Stock for their investments. This means that upon a liquidation event, the senior debt, held by General Catalyst, would be paid out before any other Series B stock holders. Bob Meltzer’s departure from the CEO position at VisaNow coincided with General Catalyst’s involvement in the company. During this phase, General Catalyst facilitated the exit of early investors and provided funding for Meltzer’s patent. However, a misalignment in strategic vision emerged, with Meltzer advocating for a focus on the family-based market, while General Catalyst favored larger companies. Despite the substantial financial success of the exit, Meltzer viewed the chosen direction as suboptimal for a tech company like VisaNow. Although he didn’t agree with the vision, the over $300 million valuation was too good to turn down, considering he started it at $10,000. This strategic disagreement prompted Meltzer to step down from his role as CEO and cash out some of his equity.

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General Catalyst funding headline

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The VC round with General Catalyst generated $22M in funding

As of the valuation determined by a Series C recapitalization in 2017, the company was officially valued at $72.5M, a remarkable achievement reflecting its growing significance in the legal-tech domain. In the Series C raise, Catalyst Investors joined General Catalyst (confusing, we know) in investing $21M for Preferred C stock. After a small debt instrument was procured in April of 2020, Garage and Haystack sold their shares to Catalyst Investors, General Catalyst, and Palladium Equity Partners in a Leveraged Buyout in September 2021. Finally, in 2022 VisaNow became Envoy Global and received a large amount of development capital from Rothschild and Palladium Private Equity Firms.

Envoy Global’s journey, from its humble beginnings as VisaNow to its current status as a leading online platform for visa application and legal services, highlights the transformative power of innovation in the legal profession. Bob Meltzer’s pioneering efforts in leveraging the internet to streamline legal processes, particularly in immigration law, have not only influenced the efficiency of legal practices but have also contributed to reshaping the perceptions and practices of the legal community.

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VisaNow was instrumental in the Obama administration’s DREAMer program.

The success of Envoy Global (VisaNow) not only signifies the acceptance of online platforms in the legal industry (think legal tech like Lawyer Metrics)  but also serves as a beacon for other legal practitioners contemplating the integration of technology into their practices. As the company continues to thrive and adapt to the ever-evolving legal landscape, it stands as a model for how innovation, perseverance, and a commitment to efficiency can drive substantial growth in the legal-tech sector.

Going from Lawyer to Trusted Business Adviser

The decision for Meltzer to sell VisaNow was not actively sought, but it unfolded organically via discussions with venture and private equity firms. The deck presented during these discussions provided a roadmap of the business, growth trajectory, and opportunities for investors, offering a glimpse into the decision-making process that culminated in the successful sale of the company in 2022.

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VisaNow’s pitch deck sample slides

Post-Envoy Global’s success, Meltzer embarked on a new chapter, transitioning to coaching and workshops. His experience and insights became valuable lessons, emphasizing the importance of continuous learning. Meltzer’s journey, from VisaNow’s inception to coaching, unfolded the transformative power of innovation and adaptability. Workshops became a platform for sharing insights. 

Business lawyers often encounter a common challenge when starting their practice—overemphasizing legal perspectives and neglecting the benefits of a business-oriented mindset. This is particularly crucial as some entrepreneurs, lacking a legal background, may overlook essential legal aspects, and lawyers may not fully consider vital business elements. Many business owners, driven by numbers, tend to perceive scenarios with a single right answer, potentially missing the essence of “thinking like a lawyer,” which involves exploring multiple perspectives to recognize several options. For instance, when structuring a new business, two entrepreneurs might opt for a general partnership due to tax implications and financing, a choice that seems justified but could lead to complications in case of disputes or business sale. An effective business adviser would address these concerns, understanding the parties’ present, short-term, and long-term goals, facilitating a more informed decision-making process. 

Moreover, a lawyer is taught to think in a way that allows her to understand that there are many ways to accomplish the same goal. Therefore, a person who is able to grapple both of these concepts is well suited to deal with the potential problems and preparation for future challenges that are found at the intersection of business and law.

Becoming a trusted advisor requires effort and specific steps:

Understand the Business: To be a trusted advisor, you must thoroughly understand the company’s business model, products, services, customers, competitors, and financials. See this article by Sterling Miller. Engage with your clients and participate in business meetings to gain this knowledge. See this article by Olga Mack.

Be Practical: When providing legal advice, consider its practical implications in the real business world. Avoid overemphasizing legal technicalities that don’t align with business goals. Focus on balanced, useful, and practical solutions.

Be Responsive: Keep clients updated on their projects and respond promptly to emails and calls. Maintain regular communication, even when there’s no new information. Ensure you are approachable and professional.

Understand Business Priorities: Identify the business’s priorities and align your legal work with these goals. It’s essential to address issues that matter most to the company.

Clear Communication: Communicate legal matters clearly and concisely, avoiding legal jargon. Provide straightforward answers and recommendations. Legal advice should be seen as a partnership with the business, not a dictatorial stance.

Calm under Pressure: Maintain composure during crises and be a steady, reliable presence. Be professional and consistent in meeting deadlines and commitments. Develop gravitas and authenticity to build trust.

Sterling Miller, How Small Business Lawyers Can Become That Trusted Advisor, Thomson Reuters (March 02, 2021).

In this scenario, Meltzer served as a trusted business adviser not to an external business where he lacked an interest but to himself and his employees. This proved advantageous, eliminating the need to engage extensive external assistance for the formation, structuring, and launch of VisaNow. Furthermore, Meltzer successfully navigated complex situations by approaching them from both a business and legal perspective, addressing matters such as business structure, patent acquisition and retention, and the formulation of mutually beneficial exit strategies. In examining this case study, we trust it offers valuable insights into general business planning for lawyers, illustrating how one can evolve into an effective and trusted adviser.

If you enjoyed this case study, please see our other case studies on the following topics:

Transition to Entrepreneurship:

The case study AutoVisa narrates the journey from law firm life to entrepreneurship, drawing parallels to LawyerMetrics. Like Meltzer, LawyerMetrics recognized inefficiencies in the legal industry, particularly in law firm hiring practices. However, Meltzer initially identified the gap through the needs of his clients, not just those of his firm. Over time, VisaNow evolved to market its products on a business-to-business basis, aligning with LawyerMetrics’ strategic shift. Both companies recognized and addressed inefficiencies within the legal landscape, leveraging technology and innovative strategies.

Automation:

Within AutoVisa, the case study delves into the automation of the visa process, addressing the needs of clients efficiently. The story of VisaNow aligns with the origin of LawyerMetrics, emphasizing the importance of recognizing inefficiencies in the legal industry. Both companies, while distinct in their approach, share a common goal of optimizing legal processes. Furthermore, LawyerMetrics, like VisaNow, made a strategic shift by incorporating data analytics into its offerings, expanding its focus beyond human capital information.

Intellectual Property:

Chamberlain explores the power of intellectual property, a theme resonant with both VisaNow and LawyerMetrics. In their respective journeys, all three companies recognized the crucial role of intellectual property in shaping their success within the legal-tech domain.

Chamberlain delves into the sale of a business and finding the right buyer, paralleling the experiences of VisaNow and Northborne Partners. Similarly, VisaNow and LawyerMetrics share common ground in dealing with internal managerial disputes, a situation where co-founders reached disagreements, ultimately leading to their exit from active roles within the companies.

Career Satisfaction and Transition:

Marty Klaper’s case study focuses on career satisfaction and transitioning from the traditional law firm environment, providing insights that resonate with the experiences of Meltzer and his departure from Arnstein & Lehr to pursue the entrepreneurial path with VisaNow.

Product/Market Fit and Funding Options:

PactSafe, in its case study, explores finding the right product/market fit, a theme that aligns with the experiences of VisaNow.

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